![]() Second, we intended to assess whether such an enhancement (if present) is specific to unpleasant or pleasant linguistic stimuli, or is a general response to arousing material, irrespective of valence. First, we aimed to evaluate whether short-duration affective states induced by emotional words can enhance error monitoring, as reflected by electrophysiological indices. Thus, our study had three specific goals. The aim of the present study was to fill these gaps by investigating the links between short-duration affective states induced by emotional words, error monitoring and incidental memory. In addition, although it seems reasonable to assume that emotional modulation of error monitoring may be associated with more efficient encoding of affective material and its subsequent recall from memory, the link between these effects has not been yet explored. However, no study has tested whether processing of emotional words can lead to increased error detection. A relatively small number of works have examined the influence on performance monitoring of short-duration affective states induced by emotional stimuli, such as pictures, film clips or sounds (e.g., Larson et al., 2006 van Wouwe et al., 2010 Senderecka, 2018). Most of these reports focused on the long-lasting negative affect associated with psychiatric diseases or character traits (for reviews, see Vaidyanathan et al., 2012 Endrass and Ullsperger, 2014). Recent years have produced many studies investigating the interaction between emotion and error monitoring. More speculatively, they can also indicate that post-error activity of the medial prefrontal cortex may selectively support encoding for negative stimuli and contribute to their privileged access to memory. Third, our findings suggest that enhanced error monitoring and facilitated recall of negative words may both reflect responsivity to negative events. Second, it indicates that the emotion-related enhancement of the Pe occurs across both negative and positive conditions, thus it is preferentially driven by the arousal content of an affective stimuli. First, it indicates that the emotional enhancement of error monitoring, as reflected by the Pe amplitude, may be induced by stimuli with symbolic, ontogenetically learned emotional significance. The present study has several important conclusions. The source localization analysis revealed that the subsequent memory recall for negative words was associated with widespread bilateral brain activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and in the medial frontal gyrus, which was registered in the Pe time window during negative trials. Importantly, the memory performance for negative words was positively correlated with the Pe amplitude, particularly in the negative condition. Regarding behavior, increased processing of emotional words was reflected in better incidental recall. The error-related negativity amplitudes were comparable in both the neutral and emotional arousing trials, regardless of their valence. We observed significantly greater brain activity in the error-positivity (Pe) time window in both negative and positive trials. Immediately after the completion of the task, they were instructed to recall as many of the presented words as they could in an unexpected free recall test. Participants performed an emotional stop-signal task that required response inhibition to negative, positive or neutral nouns while EEG was recorded. Third, we wanted to assess whether post-error brain activity is associated with incidental memory for negative and/or positive words. Second, we intended to determine whether such an enhancement is limited to words of specific valence or is a general response to arousing material. First, we aimed to evaluate whether short-duration affective states induced by negative and positive words can lead to increased error-monitoring activity relative to a neutral task condition. The present study had three main objectives. 3Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.2Institute of Computer Science and Computational Mathematics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.1Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.Magdalena Senderecka 1* Michał Ociepka 2 Magdalena Matyjek 3 Bartłomiej Kroczek 2
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